{"id":309,"date":"2013-12-31T11:44:07","date_gmt":"2013-12-31T11:44:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/?p=309"},"modified":"2014-01-04T09:16:52","modified_gmt":"2014-01-04T09:16:52","slug":"one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/","title":{"rendered":"China’s One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts"},"content":{"rendered":"

China’s one-child policy and its anthropological impacts
\n<\/strong>by antonio kuilan<\/h3>\n

Introduction<\/b><\/h1>\n
\n
\"\"<\/dt>\n
Early propaganda one-child policy poster. “Carry out family planning, implement the basic national policy.”<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

Ever since its inception in 1979, China\u2019s one-child policy<\/a> has been controversial and perhaps one of the biggest social experiments ever. Though the policy–a law that only allows Chinese couples to have only one<\/strong> child–was initiated as a short-term measure to curb population control and economy purposes, it\u2019s still in place over 40 years later. During that period, the policy has attributed to many sociological issues in China. We will examine how the policy came to exist and many of the anthropological impacts it has had on China.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Early 60s poster. “Practicing birth control is beneficial for the protection of the health of mother and child.”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

China has limited couples to one child only since 1979 to curb population growth. Since that time the policy has birthed many unintended consequences. These include an imbalanced gender ratio, infanticide<\/a>, child developmental issues (such as the \u201clittle emperor\u201d syndrome), and deviant behaviors. Due to China having more men than women, more than 20 million men are unable to find brides and this have led to other consequences such as female trafficking and sex crimes. It also has been suggested that the imbalanced gender ratio will have dire consequences in the future.<\/p>\n

While the policy has curbed population with negative consequences, one researcher states that there has been a positive side for girls that give them the opportunity for upward mobility.<\/p>\n

Origins of the Policy<\/b><\/h1>\n
\"\"
Early propaganda poster. “Practice birth control for the Revolution.”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The policy\u2019s origin can be traced back to the late 1950s, when the idea of birth control started to emerge by a group of nonparty intellectuals, which stemmed from a book called \u201cNew Population Theory\u201d by Professor Yinchu Ma<\/a>. The book depicted ideas on improving conditions and theorized what would happen to an unchecked growing population. While China\u2019s leaders started noticing the increasing population as a threat to its economic development and food supply, the party chose to propagandize and popularize birth control tactics through densely populated areas. The propaganda campaign went through its evolution of changes from voluntary-based birth control to eventually a state-based population program.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Early propaganda poster. “Marry late for the Revolution.”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

After political movements such as the Cultural Revolution<\/a>, and the Anti-rightist Movement<\/a>, China\u2019s population increased to some 250 million additional in the 1970s. More birth control campaigning went underway, with additional steps that included extending contraceptive and abortion services into rural areas.They also encouraged the Chinese people to marry late and conceive late. In 1975, it was noted that urban fertility rates fell below 1.8% in urban areas and below 4% in rural areas. The official China\u2019s One-Child Policy finally emerged in 1979 to further curb population growth and was officially announced by the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Discussion
\n<\/b><\/h1>\n

In National Geographic\u2019s documentary \u201cChina\u2019s Lost Girls,\u201d Lisa Ling<\/a> points out the devastating impacts due to the China\u2019s one child policy while Vanessa Fong<\/a> argues how urban daughters have benefited from the policy in her article called \u201cChina\u2019s One-Child Policy and th\"\"e Empowerment of Urban Daughters\u201d printed in American Anthropologist<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vanessa Fong\u2019s article seems biased, since it only favors urban daughters and doesn’t incorporate many other areas such as the countryside. Fong even states:<\/p>\n

\u201c. . . I cannot claim to have known families from all areas of China\u2019s socioeconomic pyramid. Like my survey sample, my ethnographic sample does not include youth from the narrow, extremely elite top or the wide, impoverished, rural bottom of that pyramid.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In one instance, Fong claims that girls are more fortunate than boys because girls have \u201cmore paths to upward mobility<\/a>.\u201d Girls that possess successful careers, family values, and educational attainment are deemed as important spouse selection criteria for men. Parents invest their savings into their daughters education with the hope that they will be more \u2018marketable\u2019 in the marriage field since men in return will provide housing, rent, security, etc.<\/p>\n

This is the ideal vision but it draws in an opposing critical point by Lisa Ling. According to her documentary, there are 13 million more boys than girls. What happens when there aren\u2019t enough girls? A China population official in the documentary acknowledged this and speculated that by the year 2020 there will be no one to marry. He also stated that this is \u201c. . . a very serious social problem.” A problem that give rise to negative impacts.<\/p>\n

Ling showed that these impacts are already starting: the abduction of women<\/a>, forced prostitution, and forced marriages<\/a>. An investigator is shown who is committed in freeing women who are abducted. One woman freed by the investigator speaks of the cruelties inhibited by her captor. She stated that she was kidnapped, sold ($435 U.S.), chained to a room, and sexually assaulted for years. The captor impregnated her to bear his child. The investigator said these stories are all too common; broken legs, broken arms, beaten and other forms of degradation are the norm during captivity and when trying to escape.<\/p>\n

Consequences also are birthing black markets. Steven Mosher <\/a>from Population Research Institute<\/a> in Washington D.C. stated from a 2005 report that the extreme high gender imbalances gave rise to a commercial sex trade and that up to 800,000 people (80% are women and girls) are trafficked <\/a>across the borders to be sold as sexual slaves and wives each year. Mosher states twenty-five million men in China can\u2019t find brides due to the massive gender imbalance and that 60 million girls are \u201cmissing\u201d in China.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Anthropologist Vanessa Fong – Harvard.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

While Fong shows how urban educated daughters have significant incentives such as using \u201ctheir time to pursue prestigious and well-compensated work rather than using it to bear and rear large numbers of children,<\/em>\u201d Lisa Ling shows the rural countryside cruelties that occurs should newborns be female: \u201caborted<\/a>, abandoned, hidden, or even killed.” Fong\u2019s partisan view makes no attempt to include the many negative aspects of the one-child policy, only stating she only “…heard rumors<\/em>\u201d about farmers committing infanticide and follows with \u201cI never heard of such abuses occurring in Dalian.” Abandonment, sex-selected abortion, female infanticide, and unreported female births are responsible for the unbalanced sex ratios in China.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Lisa Ling talking to two young Chinese males.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Another unintended impact is the increasing obesity among young Chinese males. In Ling\u2019s documentary, she states that due to the one-child policy, parents are compelled to \u201cspoil\u201d their only male child, notably with food, allowing them to eat whatever they want. She argues obesity is on the rise and the documentary depict many \u201cfat reduction centers\u201d that are sprouting in China in an attempt to curb this issue.<\/p>\n

Xuefeng Chen, the Deputy Director of the Beijing’s Chinese Children’s Center, also argues that parent\u2019s spoiling their only child are producing self-centered \u201clittle emperors<\/a>.\u201d She expressed concerns regarding single-children growing up without the same child experiences that their parents had (playing, socializing, and growing up with many other children) and that their children may not have an avenue to channel their stresses, since they may not have a child friend. Children do have a natural desire to socialize and these types of isolated pressures may produce long-term problems. Single-\"\"children have already been found to exhibit serious personality difficulties over children with siblings, but on a positive side they seem to have higher intellectual achievement. Boys seem to be developing a strong sense of entitlement, egotism, inability to share toys with others, and incivility. It is undeniable that single-children will shape a different society for China. Which raises questions: What kind of leaders will these children make in the future? Will they be decisive on matters that affect the people of China or in world affairs? Since politics demand compromises and negotiations, will egotistic boys who cannot share toys with others and feel entitled to their privileges grow up to be leaders who are unable to listen to the views of others, only working towards their own views and interests?<\/p>\n

Ling also touches on the pressures resulting from the one-child policy such as the prioritization of boys to pass on the family name and thus the family\u2019s honor. It has been tradition in many cultures to pass their family\u2019s name, creating a legacy. Logically,\u00a0 a Chinese boy reaching manhood would carry out this task. However, the policy is placing immense pressure on its citizens which is shaping and altering their views. If they are forced to have one child, they are forced to make a psychological and biological decision which ultimately favors a boy as the only child. This correlates to what the population expert and Ling discussed: there will be no women in the future to compensate for the massive imbalance of gender. It\u2019s nice to have a boy with the idea he\u2019ll stay with you, provide labor, carry the family name and provide a sense of \u201csocial security\u201d when reaching old age, but if you multiply this by millions of Chinese citizens holding the same idea, how will they get to carry the family name if there are very few women? Wouldn\u2019t some families accidentally sever their own family\u2019s legacy? In a broader perspective, isn\u2019t China possibly creating its own self-extinction due to their decreasing females?<\/p>\n

Ling shows another side: American families adopting Chinese girls. Is China brewing \"\"adoption \u2018markets\u2019 and creating monies in the whole \u2018adoption\u2019 market? According to Children\u2019s Hope International<\/a>, the total cost of adoption<\/a> is slightly over $11,000 without including travel expenses and a sleuth of other fees, in addition to a $3,000 \u2018donation\u2019 required by adoptive parents to be paid to the orphanage.The accumulation of fees will bring the adoption tally to $20,000-$30,000. In a NY Times article, there has been over 8,000 adoptions in 2010, with increasing yearly trends of 1,000 more per year. More than 55,000 Chinese children has been adopted by American families alone as of 2006 If China is over populated and decided to implement the one-child policy, why not just gracefully place the undesired Chinese girls to Americans–or any other nation–instead of capitalizing on them?<\/p>\n

In a subtle way, Ling glamorizes the segment in the documentary that depict American families receiving their new found adoptees. “We’re the lucky ones,” an American woman exclaimed. Is it really “lucky” that American women adopt children from a country that has made it illegal for their citizens to have more than one child? In one scene, you see an American woman with expressive joy holding the Chinese baby girl, while the biological Chinese mother walked away in tears, powerless, with her head down. Her tears communicated a constellation of emotions. There are no lucky ones here.<\/p>\n

Currently, there are no plausible alternatives to the existing policy. It is noted that the policy can be \u201crelaxed,\u201d and the idea of two-child family has been mentioned by some. Even though China admits its gender imbalance is related to the policy, they have pledged to keep it in place until the year 2050.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/b><\/h1>\n

While this blog post doesn’t capture every emerging impact and scattered controversies (such as a seven-month pregnant Chinese mother taken to a hospital and given an injection to induce an abortion which killed her unborn baby <\/a>because she already had one existing child, or men digging up female corpses for ‘ghost marriages<\/a>.’), it provides a solid foundation on the China’s one-child policy, its consequences, and how it may impact China’s future generations. The authors in unity with many researchers agree that China\u2019s population has been curbed due to the policy, but at what consequential impacts? The oppression and psychological\/sociological suffering a female Chinese parent endures is a violence glossed over by this policy. While the population may be under control, the anthropological impacts are monumental as we’ve seen here. The gender imbalance ratio will undoubtedly lead to more sociological consequences in the near future. This is a matter that merits the most upmost attention. You cannot deface one side of the coin without the value of the whole coin being compromised.<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

Chen, Xuefeng. 2004. \u201cThe Social Impact of China\u2019s One-Child Policy.\u201d
\nHarvard Asia Pacific Review. <\/i>Web. <http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/lipoff\/www\/hapr\/summer03_security\/CHEN.pdf><\/p>\n

Ching, Y. C., and K. Penny. 1999. \u201cPRC’s One Child Family Policy\u201d. British
\nMedical Journal <\/i>319: 992-996<\/p>\n

Fong, Vanessa. 2002. \u201cChina\u2019s One-Child Policy and the Empowerment of Urban
\nDaughters.\u201d American Anthropologist<\/i>. New Series, Vol. 104, No. 4. 1098
\n1109.<\/p>\n

Ling, Lisa. 2005. \u201cChina\u2019s Lost Girls.\u201d National Geographic. DVD.<\/p>\n

Li, Y. and H. Liu. 1989. The Recovery and Development of Sociology of
\nEducation. Social Psychology <\/i>1: 54-71.<\/p>\n

Rosenberg, B. G., and Q. Jing. 1996. \u201cA Revolution in Family Life: The Political and Social Structural Impact of China\u2019s One Child Policy.\u201d Journal of Social Issues <\/i>52: 51-70.<\/p>\n

Singer, J. L. 1998. Intercountry Adoption Laws: How Can China\u2019s One-Child
\nPolicy Coincide with the 1993 Hague Convention on Adoption? Suffolk Transnational Law Review <\/i>22: 283-310.<\/p>\n

White, T. 1994. \u201cThe Origins of China\u2019s Birth Planning Policy.\u201d\u00a0 Cambridge:
\nHarvard University Press. 250-278<\/p>\n

White, T. 2006. China\u2019s Longest Campaign: Birth Planning in the People\u2019s
\nRepublic, 1949-2005. <\/i>Cornell University Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China’s one-child policy and its anthropological impacts by antonio kuilan Introduction Early propaganda one-child policy poster. “Carry out family planning, implement the basic national policy.” Ever since its inception in 1979, China\u2019s one-child policy has been controversial and perhaps one of the biggest social experiments ever. Though the policy–a law that only allows Chinese couples … Continue reading China’s One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,26],"tags":[50],"class_list":["post-309","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthropology","category-thoughts","tag-chinas-one-child-policy"],"yoast_head":"\nChina's One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts •<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Examining the anthropological impacts of China's one-child policy. Imbalanced gender ratios, infanticide, female trafficking, deviant sexual behaviors - some of the impacts due to China's draconian one-child policy.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"China's One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts •\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Examining the anthropological impacts of China's one-child policy. Imbalanced gender ratios, infanticide, female trafficking, deviant sexual behaviors - some of the impacts due to China's draconian one-child policy.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-12-31T11:44:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2014-01-04T09:16:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"antonio\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"antonio\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"antonio\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d56899354797453a48506e08e70ab645\"},\"headline\":\"China’s One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-12-31T11:44:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-01-04T09:16:52+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2228,\"commentCount\":0,\"keywords\":[\"China's one-child policy\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Anthropology\",\"La Cueva de mi Mente\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/\",\"name\":\"China's One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts •\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2013-12-31T11:44:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-01-04T09:16:52+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d56899354797453a48506e08e70ab645\"},\"description\":\"Examining the anthropological impacts of China's one-child policy. Imbalanced gender ratios, infanticide, female trafficking, deviant sexual behaviors - some of the impacts due to China's draconian one-child policy.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"China’s One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"\",\"description\":\"Archaeology, Geology, and Science\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d56899354797453a48506e08e70ab645\",\"name\":\"antonio\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f373d8a8d646a5d8b2a83036749e79f3a6baee1b063a7cc4bb1afc859fcab591?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f373d8a8d646a5d8b2a83036749e79f3a6baee1b063a7cc4bb1afc859fcab591?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f373d8a8d646a5d8b2a83036749e79f3a6baee1b063a7cc4bb1afc859fcab591?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"antonio\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/antoniokuilan.com\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/antonio\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"China's One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts •","description":"Examining the anthropological impacts of China's one-child policy. Imbalanced gender ratios, infanticide, female trafficking, deviant sexual behaviors - some of the impacts due to China's draconian one-child policy.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"China's One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts •","og_description":"Examining the anthropological impacts of China's one-child policy. Imbalanced gender ratios, infanticide, female trafficking, deviant sexual behaviors - some of the impacts due to China's draconian one-child policy.","og_url":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/","article_published_time":"2013-12-31T11:44:07+00:00","article_modified_time":"2014-01-04T09:16:52+00:00","author":"antonio","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"antonio","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/"},"author":{"name":"antonio","@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d56899354797453a48506e08e70ab645"},"headline":"China’s One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts","datePublished":"2013-12-31T11:44:07+00:00","dateModified":"2014-01-04T09:16:52+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/"},"wordCount":2228,"commentCount":0,"keywords":["China's one-child policy"],"articleSection":["Anthropology","La Cueva de mi Mente"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/","url":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/","name":"China's One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts •","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2013-12-31T11:44:07+00:00","dateModified":"2014-01-04T09:16:52+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d56899354797453a48506e08e70ab645"},"description":"Examining the anthropological impacts of China's one-child policy. Imbalanced gender ratios, infanticide, female trafficking, deviant sexual behaviors - some of the impacts due to China's draconian one-child policy.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/one-child-policy-and-its-anthropological-impacts\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"China’s One-Child Policy and its Anthropological Impacts"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/","name":"","description":"Archaeology, Geology, and Science","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d56899354797453a48506e08e70ab645","name":"antonio","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f373d8a8d646a5d8b2a83036749e79f3a6baee1b063a7cc4bb1afc859fcab591?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f373d8a8d646a5d8b2a83036749e79f3a6baee1b063a7cc4bb1afc859fcab591?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f373d8a8d646a5d8b2a83036749e79f3a6baee1b063a7cc4bb1afc859fcab591?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"antonio"},"url":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/author\/antonio\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=309"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":332,"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309\/revisions\/332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=309"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=309"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=309"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}