{"id":1358,"date":"2018-05-20T21:39:53","date_gmt":"2018-05-21T01:39:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/?p=1358"},"modified":"2020-10-23T04:06:45","modified_gmt":"2020-10-23T08:06:45","slug":"malta-hatuey-taino-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/antoniokuilan.com\/blog\/malta-hatuey-taino-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Remembering Hatuey and the Tainos"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The evening was crisp. Cold\u00a0Malta Hatueys<\/a>\u00a0were bountiful at a recent family gathering. As I imbibed one under the tranquil shade of a willow-like tree, its label transfixed me. I slumbered off into childhood memories of the drink. Ahh,\u00a0m\u00ed\u00a0abuelita<\/em>\u00a0(my grandmother). I can still recall the warmth of her gentle smile as she handed me\u00a0Malta Hatuey<\/a>. They were tasty rewards for helping her with errands, like running to the local\u00a0bodega<\/em><\/a>\u00a0to purchase Puss’n Boots catfood for her overlyprotective cat Mauricio <\/em>and votive candles. A continuously lit candle adorned the religious shrine that rested on her bedroom’s dresser, brimmed with religious artifacts from\u00a0rosarios\u00a0<\/em><\/a>to miniature statutes of\u00a0La Virgen<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0She prayed for hours to keep all of the family and the world safe.\u00a0 It was considered a bad omen if a candle wasn’t perpetually lit on her dresser-shrine, as if the extinguishing of its light would allow vile darkness to permeate into our world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A 1970s photo of mi abuelita holding my cousin in the barrios of Newark, NJ. She was a strong woman, both physically and in heart, up to her death of 91.
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After remembering my abuelita’s spiritual reflections, I reflected on the bottle of Malta Hatuey in my hand. It’s a sweetened malt beverage of hops and molasses. They are iconic in the Latino community. As a child, I thought the Indian guy depicted on the bottle was the Spanish version of the Lone Ranger’s sidekick, Tonto<\/a>. Throughout the adolescent years, I learned that Hatuey was a real indigenous chief of our ancestors, the Ta\u00ednos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A bottle of Malta Hatuey in my hand.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Ta\u00ednos are the indigenous people that collectively inhabited the Caribbean islands (Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Dominican Republic, etc) for hundreds of centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Map showing the regions of Taino people across the Caribbeans.
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They were skilled agriculturalists who farmed beans, peppers, corn, yams, and Yuca, a tuber plant that is the source of tapioca, farina, and cassava flour to create breads. As powerful seafarers who built grand canoes, they supplemented their diets with fish and crabs – even eating some of the eggs laid by visiting sea turtles. Ta\u00ednos lived in huts constructed from local trees and plant life. They learned how to process the sap of the rubber tree, creating waterproof shoes and ponchos. They created a heavy rubber ball used for a sport, Batey<\/em>, played on a clay court where two teams (10-30 players per team) would keep it in the air by bouncing the ball with their hips, heads, arms, and legs (no hands). They cultivated cotton to create hammocks and fishing nets. Dance and the sound of drums and maracas pulsated daily life while being enveloped with pristine beaches, caressing winds, tropical weather, and green mountainous landscapes. They were peaceful islanders who were one with nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A European artist\u2019s depiction of Ta\u00edno fishermen. Woodcut from Girolamo Benzoni\u2019s “Historia del Mondo Nuovo,” Venice, 1563.
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They were also the first people to greet Columbus. Upon his 1492 arrival, the Ta\u00ednos greeted and fed them. Columbus noted in his diary<\/a> that the Ta\u00ednos were peaceful and beautiful masculine people who would make great slaves. Ultimately, that was the prophetic fate for the Ta\u00ednos: they were enslaved and forced to work in mines to extract gold for Columbus and his entourage. Bartolome de las Casas<\/a>–one of the many priests brought in by Columbus–would later write that Columbus\u2019 men made them perform \u201c…tasks utterly beyond their strength, bending them to the earth with crushing burdens, harnessing them to loads which they could not drag, and with fiendish sport and mockery, chopping off their hands and feet, mutilating their bodies in ways which will not bear description.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A depiction of Christopher Columbus encountering Tainos. An engraving ca. 1594 by Theodor de Bry. It’s important to note that practically every early painting and illustration of Tainos do not reflect them accurately. They are merely artist depictions.<\/em>
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Bartolome was a priest who supported the colonization of the Caribbeans, but after observing the monstrosities inflicted upon the Ta\u00ednos, he changed his views. Bartolome believed that altruism and spreading the word of God was no longer a driving force in Columbus’ expeditions, but a ruse to fuel the unquenchable appetite for power and gold. He wrote a series of works in the 1550s that outlined\u00a0the plethora of horrors suffered by the Ta\u00ednos. He wrote that Columbus’ men would “… breed fierce hunting dogs that would devour an Indian like a hog, at first sight in less than a moment.”<\/strong> Repeated throughout his work are the use of dogs against the Ta\u00ednos, writing that they purposely kept them hungry to make them more violent. The flesh of Ta\u00ednos were fed to them as if to teach them to love their meat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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An early artist’s depiction of Columbus’ dogs feasting on Tainos.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

These stories became commonplace as Columbus\u2019 men encountered new villages while venturing deep into the wombs of the islands. One village of 2,500 Ta\u00ednos welcomed them, filling their tummies with foods and drinks. Once the feast was over, Columbus\u2019 men turned against them: slashing, disemboweling, and slaughtering them until their blood flowed like a seething river. As Columbus\u2019 men increasingly colonized the islands, their barbarousness deepened. They would bash Ta\u00edno babies against rocks or throw them into rivers. They hanged Ta\u00ednos in groups of 13 and burned them alive – in memory of Jesus and the 12 apostles. For fun, Columbus\u2019 men challenged each other on their skill of cleanly chopping a Ta\u00edno’s head off or chopping them vertically in half in one blow of the sword. In their off time, the rape of Ta\u00edno women<\/a> and young girls was an everyday occurrence. Ta\u00edno children young as 9 were sold into the sex trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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An illustration used in Bartolome de las Casas book depicting the burning of Tainos and a Taino child about to smashed against a wall.
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The Ta\u00ednos did not know what was wrong with these foreign guests. They thought that they were mad men who became crazy at the sight of gold. Columbus demanded quotas of gold from each Ta\u00edno man 12 and older. When they weren\u2019t met, Columbus\u2019 men would simply chop off their hands. Many Ta\u00edno men died within months of working in mines due to overexertion and extreme malnourishment. Infants died due to lack of milk. Since parents could no longer attend to their crops, thousands of children would die of hunger. Many Ta\u00ednos would commit suicide instead of becoming slaves. Some would even kill their own children to spare them from the inevitable horrors that awaited their futures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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An artist’s depiction of Columbus’ men chopping off the hands from Ta\u00ednos for not bringing enough gold. Dogs are feasting on Ta\u00ednos in the background. Note how some are shown with mutilated noses; this was a common practice, particularly against Ta\u00edno women.
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Escapees would spread stories of the wild atrocities committed by the bearded men who arrived on giant boats from across the oceans. Hatuey was a Ta\u00edno cacique <\/em>(chief) on a distant part of the Islands. When stories of carnage made it to Hatuey, he promptly witnessed the advancing terror to surrounding yucayeques <\/em>(villages). Hatuey left with about 400 men, women, and children on a fleet of large canoes. He wanted not only to save his people, but to warn others of the impending doom with the hopes of raising an army to stop them. Hatuey would display a basket of gold to other villages and argued:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHere is the God these crazy bearded men worship. They kill us and persecute us because of this metal\u2026and this is why we have to throw it all into the sea. These tyrants tell us they adore a God of peace and tranquility, but yet they take our lands and make us their slaves. They speak to us of an immortal soul and of their eternal rewards, but yet they rob our belongings, rape and violate our women and daughters. These cowards cover themselves in iron that our weapons cannot break.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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An artist depiction used in a version of Bartolome de las Casas book illustrating the massacre of Anacaona (a Ta\u00edna chief) and her people by Columbus’ men.
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Some simply didn\u2019t believe Hatuey, since the stories seemed too fanciful. Some did and Hatuey managed to form a small resistance. His army was successful in killing a few of Columbus\u2019 men, giving inspiration to those enslaved. This resulted in severe, grotesque retaliation, with Ta\u00ednos being tortured to death for information of Hatuey\u2019s whereabouts. After many months of agony, Hatuey and some of his army were captured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To be made an example of, Hatuey was tied to a stake for a public execution. Before Columbus\u2019 men set fire, a priest explained the concepts of hell and Christianity to save his soul so that he can repent and go to heaven. Hatuey asked the priest, \u201cWill I be in this heaven that you speak of with all of your Christian soldiers?\u201d to which the priest responded \u201cYes.\u201d Hatuey eyeballed him with scorn and said, \u201cI would rather go to hell, instead of a place with such cruel people.\u201d<\/strong> Oral histories tell us that Hatuey yelled words of freedom and rebellion against the Columbus\u2019 people before the storming fire deafened his last words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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An illustration used in Bartolome’s book showing Hatuey being burned at the stake.
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The combination of diseases (e.g. measles and influenza) and genocides introduced by Columbus’ men, resulted in the extinction of the Ta\u00ednos – rather, that is what the general public has been led<\/em> to believe for centuries. The notion of Ta\u00edno extinction<\/a> has been promoted by many American authorities, anthropologists, and other scholars.  This posed massive disadvantages to cultural identities. One only has to glimpse at the long dark history of U.S. treatment towards Native Americans<\/a>; they essentially destroyed their cultures, justified its actions, then attempt to create an American narrative about their histories – despite that the Natives are still<\/em> a living culture. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There has been an enduring, muzzled fracas among Caribbean cultures and western scholars. Many Caribbean leaders argue their indigenous heritage, that countless Ta\u00ednos survived the Columbus era and are still alive today. Western scholars stridently say no<\/em><\/strong>, hammering into them that the Ta\u00ednos are wholly extinct.\u00a0 Anthropologist Maximilian Forte<\/a> argued at a Cambridge conference that this theme of Ta\u00edno extinction in scholarly literature is a motivated narrative for assimilationist discourse,\u00a0 ideological narrative of western progress of “weaker” people giving up traditions to “stronger” modern ones, symbolic advantages, and for political economic and material advantages. Jorge Estevez, a Ta\u00edno project member at the National Museum of the American Indian<\/a>, said:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Paper genocide\u201d practiced by historians ever since, has been just as cruel on my people. With the stroke of their pens, the legacy of my ancestors was wiped out.”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A stamp from my collection of Bartolome de Las Casas. Mexico and other Latin Am\u00e9rica countries honor him as a man who stood up for the indigenous peoples.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The seeds of the Ta\u00edno extinction narrative can be traced back to the very people that exploited the Ta\u00ednos. Spaniard priests that settled in the Caribbeans led a campaign that intentionally over-emphasized the decline of Ta\u00edno people to an  80-90% loss due to extreme labor, disease, and physical punishment.  Ironically, this campaign was led by Bartolome de las Casas. This exaggerated narrative was a method for the priests to convince their government to abolish the Encomienda System<\/a><\/em> and to replace it with a missionary system for Ta\u00ednos. The Encomienda<\/em> was a bizarre legal economic system that allowed slavery of the Ta\u00ednos, where their owners had to evangelize and “protect” them in return for their (labor) services,  but that the Ta\u00ednos had to pay “tribute” to their protectors in the form of gold, foods, and other materials.  The priests believed that by lying about their decline, it would literally save the Ta\u00ednos. This campaign contributed to changes, particularly the 1512 Leyes de Burgos<\/em><\/a>, which were the first set of laws to cull the ghastly behaviors of its people against the Ta\u00ednos. It’s 39 laws consisted of stuff such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 For every 50 Ta\u00ednos, 4 lodges must be built (12-13 Ta\u00ednos crammed into one 30×15′ unit).
\u2022 Whoever owns 50 Ta\u00ednos, one boy must be chosen to teach them reading, writing, and Catholicism. This law was more of a brainwashing\/assimilation schema: “This boy will then teach the other Indians because the Indians would more readily accept what the boy says than what the Spaniards says\u2026The faith must be ingrained into their heads so the souls of the Indians are saved.”
\u2022 You can no longer physically or verbally abuse Ta\u00ednos for any reason.
Don’t let Ta\u00ednos sleep on the ground; you must provide hammocks (Although Ta\u00ednos invented them, they were deprived of hammocks).
\u2022 You must build churches near mines so that Ta\u00ednos working on Sundays can hear <\/em>mass.
\u2022 You must feed the Ta\u00ednos foods (peppers, yams, breads) and one <\/em>weekly cooked meat meal. If you don’t, you will be fined 2 gold pesos.
\u2022 If you own a Ta\u00edno, you must give them 1 gold peso every year (so that they can pay for their own clothing!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However well-intended Bartolome’s campaign may have been, others began to selfishly capitalize from it, by repeating the (false) significant decline of the Ta\u00ednos put forth by his campaign. This allowed for many Ta\u00edno slave owners to exaggerate their slave losses in order to gain sympathy and persuade their government for permission to import more African slaves (African slaves were high in demand, because they were stronger and more immune to diseases than Ta\u00ednos). This doesn’t include the census problem that later trickled into scholarly literature. Many scholars argue that this period kept detailed records, but their censuses generally accounted for Ta\u00ednos who were kept as slaves in the Encomienda system. It excludes <\/strong>the countless Ta\u00ednos and imported African slaves who escaped into the depths of Caribbean mountains and forests. This is even documented by military leader Nicol\u00e1s de Ovando<\/a> in 1502, writing that Africans escaped with Ta\u00ednos very often, using the Ta\u00ednos’ knowledge of the lands to evade slavery. Lynne Guitar<\/a>, a retired Caribbean anthropologist, argued that these censuses are misleading and unreliable, noting that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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“How can you pretend to count people for a census who are hiding from you?”<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Genetic sciences<\/a> have been catching up, providing the scientific gravitas that has been building a framework of evidence that Ta\u00edno ancestry survived to modern day.  The work of a Stanford geneticist<\/a> was published via Nature<\/a> <\/em>that discussed the results of his 1000 Genomes project that sought to reconstruct the genetic variation of indigenous descendants. He found that the people of Puerto Rico has an average of 10-15% Native DNA that is largely Ta\u00edno. When discussing the results, Nature<\/em> added their own thoughts that the Ta\u00ednos are extinct, but immediately issued a correction<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“This article originally stated that the <\/em>Ta\u00edno were extinct<\/strong>, which is <\/em>incorrect<\/strong>. Nature apologizes for the offence caused, and has corrected the text to better explain the research project described.”<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Nature<\/em>‘s apologetic-correction has angered some anthropologists and other scholars because they agreed with Nature<\/em>‘s initial stance, that the Ta\u00ednos are extinct. Some even argued that the correction show how timorous contemporary scientific culture has evolved. Regardless of the persistent Ta\u00edno extinction narrative, other studies keep mounting. Dr. Juan Cruzado,  a Harvard biologist, conducted an island-wide study<\/a> by testing the DNA of 800 randomly selected islanders and found 61% had mitochondrial DNA of the original indigenous population. A team of 7 biologists conducted a similar study in Cuba<\/a>, finding a high rate 33% of maternal Native DNA among their sample of 245 unrelated individuals. A team of 21 scientists published the results of a Caribbean-wide genomic study<\/a> that show indigenous ancestry and its correlation with linguistic and archaeological evidence. While there are many more similar studies, a paramount study by 27 scientists was published in 2018 via Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em> entitled “Origins and Genetic Legacies of the Caribbean Taino.<\/a>” Their research is based off prehistoric skeletons that were excavated in 2007<\/a> from Preacher’s Cave<\/a> in the Bahamas. They lived some 500 years before Columbus’ journey into the New World and the radiocarbon dated<\/a> thousand-year-old remains provided the tangible evidence that allowed scientists to implement a relatively new science tool: aDNA, or Ancient DNA<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A Taino mandible excavated from Preacher’s Cave, Bahamas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ancient DNA is a method that allows for the extraction of DNA from prehistoric skeletal<\/a> remains of deceased individuals. From this, scientists can sequence its genome<\/a>. What all this mean in layman’s terms, is that a person’s DNA can store a ‘book’ full of chapters that tell the historical stories about one’s DNA journey. These stories are written in biological code that our computers can translate. A computer can then take the stories from that one book and compare it to the stories of other books–libraries of other DNAs–informing us of interesting insights, such as migration patterns<\/a>.  Despite the field of ancient DNA<\/a> changing our views of the past, there’s a subtle uneasy relationship between archaeology<\/a> and ancient DNA and a concern for its potential abuse<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One archaeologist, Dr. Phillip Stockhammer quipped<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Half the archaeologists think ancient DNA can solve everything. The other half think ancient DNA is the devil’s work.”<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Stockhammer’s witty remark implies a mild dilemma among some scientists: reluctance to change. Although science is our best tool, its operators are humans. There are many scholars who have built careers on sculpting certain neat narratives that become reinforced by circles<\/a> in their disciplines. Sadly, their egos will bark when new research or technologies threaten their established territories.  Often, a stranglehold is placed on scientific progress when scholars become gladiators, quarreling that the other is wrong. These stories abound in the history of science, like the stories of Einstein<\/a>, Alfred Wegener<\/a>, and Michael Faraday<\/a>. But that’s another matter, perhaps for a future blog post.  Let’s go back to the 2018 study by 27 scientists<\/a>. What is most significant about this study, is that it provides the first clear evidence of genetic continuity<\/strong> of Ta\u00ednos in a modern Caribbean population based on an ancient genome. When comparing the ancient genome to a sample of 104 living Puerto Ricans, they found that 10-15% of their indigenous ancestry are similar to the Ta\u00ednos than any other indigenous group. The study provides conclusive proof that Ta\u00edno indigenous ancestry has survived<\/a> to modern day. It’s important to note that these findings are unlikely to be exclusive to Puerto Ricans, as future studies will likely reveal Ta\u00edno genetic legacies in other Caribbean communities. Dr. Hannes Schroeder<\/a>, a molecular anthropologist, bioarchaeologist, and lead scientist of the study stated:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cIt\u2019s a fascinating finding. Many history books will tell you that the indigenous population of the Caribbean <\/em>was all but wiped out,<\/strong> but people who self-identify as Ta\u00edno <\/em>have always argued for continuity<\/strong>. Now <\/em>we know they were right all along<\/strong>: there has been some form of genetic continuity in the Caribbean.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Elsewhere, Jada Benn Torres<\/a>, a genetic anthropologist, stated:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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“These indigenous communities were written out of history. They are adamant about their continuous existence that they’ve always been on these islands. So to see it reflected in the ancient DNA, it’s great.”<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n